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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Studies in Law and Politics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Studies in Law and Politics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Studies in Law and Politics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2576-9634</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2998-8284</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Science and Innovation Center Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">443745</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12731/2576-9634-2026-10-2-276</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TSCHYW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Публично-правовые науки</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Public Law Sciences</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Limits on the exercise of the right to freedom of conscience in labor relations: constitutional guarantees and international experience</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пределы реализации права на свободу совести в трудовых правоотношениях: конституционные гарантии и международный опыт</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-3865</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57213141234</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAZ-9120-2021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколовский</surname><given-names>Константин Геннадьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolovskiy</surname><given-names>Konstantin G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Россия</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор кафедры Общеобразовательных дисциплин, кандидат юридических наук, доцент</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of the Department of General Subjects, Ph. D. in Law, Associate Professor</p> <p> </p></bio><email>k_sokolovskiy@fastmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Гуманитарно-техническая академия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Humanitarian-Technical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>129</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-02"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Sokolovskiy K.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Соколовский К.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sokolovskiy K.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соколовский К.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/2576-9634/article/view/443745">https://journals.rcsi.science/2576-9634/article/view/443745</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. The article examines the implementation of the right to freedom of conscience in labor relations and analyzes the conflicts arising between an employee’s right to manifest religious beliefs and the obligation to duly perform labor functions, as well as the employer’s interests and the rights of third parties.</p> <p>Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine, drawing on international experience, the limits of the realization of freedom of conscience in the labor sphere and the legitimacy of an employee’s refusal to perform official duties on religious grounds.</p> <p>Materials and methods. The leading research method is the comparative legal method, within which a systematic analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and international legal instruments has been carried out. The application of this method has made it possible to identify the evolution of approaches to the protection of freedom of conscience in employment relations. In addition, the formal legal method and systemic analysis have been employed.</p> <p>Results. The study clarifies the content of freedom of conscience through the distinction between forum internum and forum externum. An algorithm is proposed for the legal assessment of a religiously motivated refusal to perform labor duties, which includes verification of the sincerity of beliefs, the existence of an interference, a legitimate aim of restriction, and its proportionality. It is established that the employer’s duty to provide “reasonable accommodation” of working conditions is not absolute and is limited by requirements of safety, the rights of other employees, and operational necessity. The author concludes that an individualized approach based on the principle of proportionality and the balance of private and public interests is necessary when resolving disputes between a religious employee and an employer. Only through the introduction of mediation mechanisms and individual assessment of each case can a genuine balance of interests in labor relations be achieved. The findings can be applied in law enforcement practice and in the improvement of labor legislation.</p> <p>Practical implications. The results of the study can be used in legislative activities to improve norms of labor and constitutional law, in judicial practice when resolving disputes concerning the permissibility of religiously motivated refusal to perform labor duties, and in the practical work of employers and HR specialists when developing local regulations and policies on reasonable accommodation in multi-confessional work collectives.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обоснование. В статье рассматриваются вопросы реализации права на свободу совести в сфере трудовых отношений, изучены коллизии, возникающие между правом работника на проявление религиозных убеждений и обязанностью надлежащего исполнения трудовых функций, а также интересами работодателя и правами третьих лиц.</p> <p>Цель. На основе сравнительно-правового анализа международной практики и доктринальных подходов выработать комплекс критериев пропорциональности для определения правомерности отказа работника от выполнения трудовых функций по религиозным мотивам, а также установить границы реализации концепции «разумного приспособления» в трудовых правоотношениях.</p> <p>Методы. Ведущим методом исследования является сравнительно-правовой метод, в рамках которого проведен системный анализ практики Европейского суда по правам человека (ЕСПЧ) и международных правовых актов. Применение данного метода позволило выявить эволюцию подходов к защите свободы совести в трудовых отношениях. Также своё применение нашли формально-юридический метод и системный анализ.</p> <p>Результаты. Раскрыто содержание свободы совести через разграничение forum internum и forum externum; предложен алгоритм правовой оценки религиозно мотивированного отказа от выполнения трудовых обязанностей, включающий проверку искренности убеждений, наличия вмешательства, легитимной цели ограничения и его пропорциональности; установлено, что обязанность работодателя по обеспечению «разумного приспособления» условий труда не является абсолютной и ограничивается требованиями безопасности, правами других работников и производственной необходимостью. Сделан вывод о необходимости применения индивидуализированного подхода при разрешении споров между религиозным работником и работодателем, основанного на принципе пропорциональности и учёте баланса частных и публичных интересов, поскольку только через внедрение механизмов медиации и индивидуальной оценки каждого случая возможно достижение подлинного баланса интересов в трудовых правоотношениях. Результаты могут быть использованы в правоприменительной практике и при совершенствовании трудового законодательства.</p> <p>Область применения. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в законотворческой деятельности при совершенствовании норм трудового и конституционного права, в судебной практике при разрешении споров о допустимости религиозно мотивированного отказа от трудовых обязанностей, а также в практической деятельности работодателей и HR-специалистов при разработке локальных нормативных актов и политик разумного приспособления в многоконфессиональных трудовых коллективах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>freedom of conscience</kwd><kwd>labor relations</kwd><kwd>constitutional law</kwd><kwd>religious beliefs</kwd><kwd>reasonable accommodation</kwd><kwd>proportionality test</kwd><kwd>discrimination</kwd><kwd>secular state</kwd><kwd>forum internum</kwd><kwd>forum externum</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>свобода совести</kwd><kwd>трудовые правоотношения</kwd><kwd>конституционное право</kwd><kwd>религиозные убеждения</kwd><kwd>разумное приспособление</kwd><kwd>тест пропорциональности</kwd><kwd>дискриминация</kwd><kwd>светское государство</kwd><kwd>forum internum</kwd><kwd>forum externum</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 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